Assessing Risks in the System of Economic and Food Security in the Current Context: Ukrainian Realities and the Global Environment

Abstract

The problem of food security is the most controversial topic of our time, as ensuring stable access to food remains a critical factor in socio-economic development and geopolitical stability. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of global food security from 2023–2025, focusing on the main factors affecting the level of food security in different regions of the world. Statistical indicators of food insecurity, the level of dependence on imports, the effectiveness of food aid and the financing of measures to ensure food stability are studied. The level of food security is assessed based on calculations of the food security coefficient, the level of food dependence on imports and the effectiveness of food aid, which allows us to determine the degree of vulnerability of individual regions. The results of the study show that Africa remains the most food-vulnerable region with the lowest food security ratio of 0.72 and the highest import dependency of 31.0%. Asia shows relative food stability with the lowest import dependency of 9.5%, while Latin America and North America have sufficient food self-sufficiency. The analysis of food aid effectiveness showed that the largest food deficit remains in Africa, where international food support covers only 40% of the required volume. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of food security financing, which in 2024–2025 demonstrates positive dynamics, in particular, increased investment in humanitarian aid and infrastructure projects. Key challenges to food security are identified, including rising inflation, climate change, geopolitical conflicts, and insufficient strategic reserves. Promising directions for improving food stability are proposed.