Теоретичне та експериментальне обґрунтування екотоксикологічного біотестування засобів для санації молочного обладнання

Abstract

Дисертаційна робота присвячена визначенню впливу засобів для молочного обладнання і стічних вод доїльних залів на тест-організми, розробленню критеріїв оцінки показників життєздатності біоти за дії сануючих засобів та екологічному обґрунтуванню створення сучасних безпечних мийно-дезінфікуючих засобів для санації молочного обладнання тваринницьких ферм. Запропоновано метод еколого-технологічного контролю викидів відпрацьованих розчинів засобів для санації обладнання у молочній галузі. Визначено фізико-хімічні властивості створених засобів, їх бактерицидну дію і мийну здатність. Вивчено корозійну дію засобів на металеві складові молочного обладнання. Проведено оцінку токсичності засобів щодо Tetrahimena pyriformis, Apis mellifera, водних хребетних (Poecilia reticulata), безхребетних (Lymnaea stagnalis, Dendrocoelum lacteum, Daphnia magna) та сільськогосподарських рослин (Zea mays L.). Досліджено гостру токсичність, подразнюючу, шкірно-резорбтивну дію та кумулятивні властивості на ссавцях. Оцінено фітотоксичну дію розроблених засобів. Визначено вплив мийно-дезінфікуючих засобів на мікроорганізми молочного обладнання у виробничих умовах. Обґрунтовано технологічні режими застосування нових екологічно безпечних засобів для санації молочного обладнання, які забезпечують мікробіологічну чистоту його внутрішніх поверхонь з мікробним числом до 500 КУО/см³ змиву, що дозволяє за умови проведення комплексу санітарних заходів одержати збірне молоко із вмістом мікроорганізмів до 40 тис. КУО/см³ та доставити його на молокопереробне підприємство з мікробним числом до 100 тис. КУО/см³, що відповідає міжнародним стандартам. З’ясовано здатність відновлення і повторного використання відпрацьованих розчинів мийно-дезінфікуючих засобів. Розроблено елемент технології безпечного використання стічних вод молочних блоків тваринницьких ферм. The dissertation is devoted to the ecological substantiation of creation of modern safe cleaning-disinfecting agents for sanitation of dairy equipment of livestock farms, determination of their influence on test organisms, development of criteria for assessment of biota viability indicators under the action of sanitizers. The calculation method of ecological and technological control of waste water of sanitizing agent for equipment in the dairy industry is offered. It was determined that the largest share of gas emissions into the environment (55.0%) is accounted for by organochlorine compounds when using sanitizing agents Cleaner Lemon, Dezaktin and Neomoscan-Sepa in households, dairy farms with 10,000 cows, as well as milk processing plants (for sanitation of 3 pasteurizers and 10 tanks of milk trucks. Phosphates, surfactants and organochlorine compounds are released into the environment in smaller quantities, which are 18.0%, 17.0% and 10.0%, respectively. Emissions to the environment of chemical active substances of these agents after their use during the year in the total amount is 11.5 t/year. The influence of cleaning-disinfecting agents for equipment in the dairy industry on the level of viability of test organisms has been studied. It was determined that the working solutions of cleaning-disinfecting agents Chisto-prom LZ, Biomol and Biolight for their bactericidal properties against microorganisms which formed biofilm layer are inferior to Medicarin and P3Oxonium aсtive 150, which should be taken into account when studying the efficiency of sanitary treatment during production process. It was found that Basix, San alkalin, CircoSuper SFM, Biolight ST-2, Deozan Deogen, PZ-hypochlorane in concentrations of 0.001–1.0% cause a decrease in the amount of Tetrahimena pyriformis on average – by 46.6%, aquatic vertebrates (Poecilia reticulata ) and invertebrates (Lymnaea stagnalis, Dendrocoelum lacteum, Daphnia magna) – by 83.6%, Apis mellifera – by 6.0% and cause growth retardation of the root of agricultural plants (Zea mays L.) – by 22.0%. At the same time, Desmol, Tigma-K and Medicarin at the same concentrations reduce the viability of test organisms – by 71.2%, 87.0%, 8.5% and 43.2%, respectively. It is substantiated that for ecologically safe sanitation of dairy equipment can be used agents that in 0.001-1.0% concentrations for exposure to biota meet the criterion of "high viability": survival of aquatic vertebrates (Poecilia reticulata) and invertebrates (Lymnaea stagnalis, Dendrocoelum lacteum, Daphnia magna, Tetrahimena pyriformis) for one day more than 22.0%, survival of terrestrial invertebrates (Apis mellifera) for 15 days over 80.0% and growth retardation of the root of agricultural plants (Zea mays L.) to 20.0%. The creation of cleaning-disinfecting agents Sanimol L (active substances: alkali, cationic surfactants, complexone) and Sanimol K (active substances: organic acids) and the feasibility of their use for environmentally safe sanation of dairy equipment is scientifically substantiated. Physicochemical properties and washing ability of the created agents, and also their corrosion action on metal components of the dairy equipment are defined. The influence of cleaning-disinfecting agents on microorganisms of dairy equipment in production conditions, which ensure microbiological purity of its internal surfaces with a microbial number up to 500 CFU/cm3 of flushing, is determined. Compliance with a set of sanitary measures ensures the level of microbiological purity, which allows to obtain whole milk with a content of microorganisms up to 40 thousand CFU/cm³ and deliver it to a milk processing plant with a microbial count of up to 100 thousand CFU/cm³, which meets international standards. The ability to recover and reuse waste waters of cleaning-disinfecting agents has been determined. It was found that the cleaning-disinfecting agent Sanimol L at a concentration of 0.5% has a bactericidal effect at 2 minutes exposure on test cultures of opportunistic bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa similar to agent CircoSuper AF. The cleaning-disinfecting agent Sanimol K at a concentration of 1.0% at an exposure of 2 minutes exhibits bactericidal action against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa similarly to agents Sidmax and CMS. Agents Sanimol L at a concentration of 0.5% and Sanimol K at a concentration of 2.0% at an exposure of 30 minutes provide a bactericidal effect against spore-forming bacteria Bacillus subtillis and Bacillus cereus. Toxicity of cleaning-disinfecting agents was assessed for Tetrahimena pyriformis, Apis mellifera, aquatic vertebrates (Poecilia reticulata), invertebrates (Lymnaea stagnalis, Dendrocoelum lacteum, Daphnia magna) and agricultural plants (Zea mays L.). Acute toxicity, irritant, skin-resorptive action and cumulative properties of these agents on mammals have been studied. The phytotoxic effect of the developed cleaning-disinfecting agents was evaluated. It was found that native manure-containing effluents of dairy blocks of livestock farms and their dilution 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 3 in 24 hours cause the death of 100.0% of Daphnia magna. At the content in the soils of 1000 mg / kg of native wastewater of dairy blocks there is a decrease in stem mass of agricultural plants (Zea mays L.) by 32.5%, stem length – by 32.8%, and root length – by 18.2%, indicating a low level of phytotoxicity. An element of technology for safe use of manure-containing effluents of dairy blocks of livestock farms has been developed, which consists in introducing them into the soil before sowing winter rape in the amount of 600 l/ha, which increases its yield (on average over 3 years) by 8.4% compared to control (without fertilizer application).